Learn How to Code the Decimal to Binary Algorithm in JavaScript and Python

If you want to learn how to code, you need to learn algorithms. Learning algorithms improves your problem solving skills by revealing design patterns in programming. In this tutorial, you will learn how to code a decimal to binary conversion algorithm in JavaScript and Python.

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Retrieval Practice

Retrieval practice is the surest way to solidify any new learning. Attempt to answer the following questions before proceeding:

• What’s a decimal?

• What’s binary?

• What is the modulo operator?

What’s a Base?

A base is the number of different digits used to count in a numerical system. We count in base 10 most likely due to us evolving ten fingers. When we count in base 10, we use ten distinct whole numbers.

What’s Binary?

Binary is base 2. We have two different digits to count with, 0 and 1. (Or true and false).

Counting from 1 to 10 with our hands is easy. Our fingers are like switches and we flip them.

(Starting with the index or thumb! Sheesh!)

What do we do when we go beyond 10?

We flip those switches the other way!

We not only extend or retract our fingers to count to ten, if we are counting to a value greater than ten, we also track the number of times we count by 10.

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

What happens when we reach 9?

We overflow into another digit on the left and reset the digit on the right, giving us 10. We then increment the right-most digit as we count up:

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

What happens when we reach 19?

We increment the value of the digit on the left by 1.

This may seem rudimentary, but bear with me.

What happens when we reach 99?

We need to overflow again and add another digit, giving us 100.

If we knew at the outset that we wanted to count beyond 100, we could start with three digits and proceed like this:

000
001
002
...
009
010
011
...
099
100
101

etc.

What if we are limited to two fingers, or switches?

We’re going to need a lot more digits!

What is the Modulo Operator?

In programming, the modulo operation returns the remainder of a division operation.

Let’s Get Meta

Ask yourself the following questions and keep them back of mind as you proceed:

• Why do I need to learn decimal to binary conversion?

• What is the Big O of decimal to binary conversion?

• What if you had been born with six fingers on each hand?

How to Code a Decimal to Binary Algorithm in JavaScript

Programming is problem solving. There are four steps we need to take to solve any programming problem:

1. Understand the problem

2. Make a plan

3. Execute the plan

4. Evaluate the plan

Understand the Problem

To understand our problem, we first need to define it. Let’s reframe the problem as acceptance criteria:

GIVEN a decimal
WHEN I pass it to a function for conversion
THEN the function returns the binary equivalent

That’s our general outline. We know our input conditions (a decimal) and our output requirements (a binary equivalent), and our goal is to perform the conversion of the decimal to binary.

Let’s make a plan!

Make a Plan

Let’s revisit our computational thinking heuristics as they will aid and guide is in making a plan. They are:

• Decomposition

• Pattern recognition

• Abstraction

• Algorithm

When we are decomposing a problem, we break the problem down into smaller problems that are easier to solve.

What’s the smallest problem we can solve?

1

In base 10, what is 1?

It is one of ten possible values, or, 1 / 10.

In base 2, what is 1?

It is one of two possible values.

What mathematical operation do we use to break problems down?

Division.

If we’re using division to convert to binary, what is our divisor?

2

What do we know about division?

The division operation divides one number, the dividend, by another number, the divisor, and returns a quotient and a remainder. So we’re on the same page with terminology, let’s look at an example…

3 / 2 = 1

3 is the dividend, 2 is the divisor, and 1 is the quotient. What about the remainder? We use the modulo operator.

3 % 2 = 1

Here, again, 3 is the dividend, 2 is the divisor, but the result of the modulo operation, the remainder, is 1.

Let’s start simple and convert 0 to binary. What is the quotient of the following:

0 / 2

🙄

It’s 0.

So it’s safe to say that the binary equivalent of the decimal 0 is also 0.

If we start to build a table, it looks like this so far:

Decimal	Binary
0	0

Because we are only working with two values, 0 and 1, we can surmise that the decimal 1 converted to binary is also 1.

Decimal	Binary
0	0
1	1

But don’t take my word for it! Let’s prove it.

What is 1 / 2?

0.5

Can we work with this?

It’s not a whole number.

Our goal is to represent decimal values using only 1s and 0s. How do we accomplish this goal?

Use the remainder!

What is 1 % 2?

1

Let’s map out the first five modulo operations J4F:

Modulo	Remainder
0 % 2	0
1 % 2	1
2 % 2	0
3 % 2	1
4 % 2	0

See a pattern? When we perform the modulo operation using 2, the value returned will be either a 1 or a 0.

Now we need an approach to represent numbers greater than or equal to 2.

What happens when we divide 2 by 2?

2 / 2

The quotient is 1.

And what about modulo?

2 % 2

The remainder is 0. If we concatenate the quotient and the remainder, we get 10, the binary equivalent of 2.

Decimal	Binary
0	0
1	1
2	10

Are you starting to see the pattern?

We’re building our binary strings with the remainder, and not the quotient, of our division operation. We continue to perform the division operation while our number is greater than 0.

What about 3?

3 % 2 = 1
3 / 2 = 1.5

What do we do here? This isn’t a binary value:

"1.5" + "1" = "1.51"

We need to round down, or floor it. 🏎️

Decimal	Binary
0	0
1	1
2	10
3	11

Let’s pseudocode our approach so far:

INPUT decimal

SET binary string EQUAL TO decimal MODULO 2
SET quotient EQUAL TO THE FLOOR OF decimal DIVIDED BY 2
PREPEND binary string WTIH quotient

OUTPUT binary string

What about 4?

You guessed it, we need to add another digit. Without calculating it, what is the binary equivalent of 4? Do you see a pattern emerging?

Decimal	Binary
0	0
1	1
2	10
3	11
4	100

What about 5? Let’s build a string! We’re now working with three digits, so let’s create three placeholders:

_ _ _

What’s the remainder of 5 divided by 2?

5 % 2 = 1

We prepend 1 to our string:

_ _ 1

Following the pseudocode we outlined above, we need to:

SET quotient EQUAL TO THE FLOOR OF decimal DIVIDED BY 2

But the result of that process is not a 1 or a 0:

5 / 2 = 2

Where have we seen something this or somthing like it before? 🤔

2!

The binary equivalent of 2 is 10. How did we get that?

2 % 2 = 0

So we prepend our string with 0:

_ 0 1

And divide 2 by 2:

2 / 2 = 1

And prepend our string with 1:

1 0 1

Decimal	Binary
0	0
1	1
2	10
3	11
4	100
5	101

Let’s update our pseudocode:

INPUT decimal

SET binary string TO EMPTY STRING

WHILE decimal IS GREATER THAN 0
    PREPEND THE RESULT OF decimal MODULO 2 TO binary string
    REASSIGN decimal THE FLOOR VALUE OF decimal DIVIDED BY 2

OUTPUT binary string

Execute the Plan

Finally, we simply need to implement the design of our algorithm.

How to Code a Decimal to Binary Conversion in JavaScript

In our solution, rather than prepending each remainder, we instead concatenate the result string and use a combination of string and array methods to split the string into array items, reverse the order of the array, and then join the items in a string.

const decimalToBinary = (num) => {

    let result = '';

    while (num > 0){
      result += num % 2;
      num = Math.floor(num / 2);
    }

    return result.split('').reverse().join('');
}

How to Code a Decimal to Binary Conversion in Python

Similar to above, we perform split, reverse, and join operations. Note that we don’t need to import the math library as double division in Python will floor the returned value for us.

def decimal_binary(num):
    result = ''

    while num > 0:
        result += str(num % 2)
        num = num // 2

    result.split().reverse()

    return ''.join(result)

Evaluate the Plan

Let’s take another look at our JavaScript solution. The split() method converts the string to an array, so we could just start with an array instead and use unshift() rather than reverse() (J4F):

const decimalToBinary = (num) => {

  let result = [];

  while (num > 0){
    result.unshift(num % 2);
    num = Math.floor(num / 2);
  }

  return result.join('');
}

Or we could just cheat and use the built-in toString() method and pass it 2 as an argument, meaning we want to convert our string to binary:

const decimalToBinary = num => num.toString(2);

But what fun is that?

The same is true for Python. We can simply call the bin() method. But, this will prepend the string with 0b.

Reflection

Remember those questions we asked at the top? Let’s make it stick and answer them now!

• Why do I need to know this?

• What is the Big O time complexity of decimal to binary conversion?

• What if you had been born with six fingers on each hand?

Why You Need to Know This

It’s 1’s and 0’s all the way down. In your computer, at least. We’re not living in the Matrix. Yet.

What is the Big O Time Complexity of Decimal to Binary?

O(n/2)

Our algorithm iterates while n is greater than 0, but we divide n by 2 with each iteration.

If you’re new to Big O, pick up a copy of The Little Book of Big O.

What If You Had Been Born with Six Fingers on Each Hand?

Then you would have twelve toes, or so the theory goes. And you would need a system for counting beyond 10.

A is for Algorithms

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